文章目录

Golang类似于C的静态语言,效率也接近于C,如果Golang也可以导出可供C调用的库,那可以和很多高级语言say goodbye了,goodbye似乎又有点武断,但至少说,Golang可以做很多事,而且效率优于很多高级语言,这样说应该没有问题。 接下来,就从三个方面分别来介绍Golang中关于库的使用。

Go中调用go编译的共享库,避免源码调用

Using Share Library
The latest Go 1.5 version is out. As part of the new features, Go compiler can compile packages as a shared libraries.
It accepts -buildmode argument that determines how a package is compiled. These are the following options:

* archive: Build the listed non-main packages into .a files. Packages named main are ignored.
* c-archive: Build the listed main package, plus all packages it imports, into a C archive file.
* c-shared: Build the listed main packages, plus all packages that they import, into C shared libraries.
* shared: Combine all the listed non-main packages into a single shared library.
* exe: Build the listed main packages and everything they import into executables. Packages not named main are ignored.
By default, listed main packages are built into executables and listed non-main packages are built into .a files.

平时编译、运行golang,可能用得比较多的是下面这些:

go run xxx.go //直接运行xxx.go,有点类似解释语言,比如lua, python,其实执行go run,是对源文件做了build,然后再run执行文件的,只是这些都在后台做了

go build xxx.go //编译产生同名的执行档,如果在源文件目录下直接go build会产生与目录名同名的可执行档
go install xxx.go //也是编译,只是编译后会将同名的执行档安装到$GOPATH/bin下面,同样在源文件目录下直接go install,会把与目录同名的可执行档安装在$GOPATH/bin下

以上的go build都是默认的编译,也就是-buildmode是default的

**By default, listed main packages are built into executables and listed non-main packages are built into .a files.**

现在进入正题,这里我主要是要说明下面这个选项的使用方法:

* shared: Combine all the listed non-main packages into a single shared library.

我们先看一个hello world的例子:

package main

import "fmt"

int main(){
    fmt.Println("hello world")
}

这里的fmt就是一个share library,这是go里面自带的,现在如果想自定义一个共享库,应该怎么做? 假设在$GOPATH/src下有:

--myAdd
        --add.go
--myCall
        --main.go

详细目录如下:

Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src$ echo $GOPATH
/home/Jermine/mygo
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo$ ls
bin  pkg  src
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src$ ls myAdd
add.go
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src$ ls myCall
main.go

现在我们要自定义一个myAdd的package,像fmt一样的使用,先看下myAdd/add.go的内容:

   package myAdd                                                                                                                  
    
   func Sum(x, y int) int {
       return x + y
   }

在编译自定义package前,先看下官方怎么说:

Before compile any shared library, the standard builtin packages should be installed as shared library. This will allow any other shared library to link with them.
意思是在编译任何共享包前,先要把官方自身的标准包先以共享包方式安装下,这样其他的包就可以与它们做link。

下面就按官方要求先来编译一下:

Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/myAdd$ go install -buildmode=shared -linkshared std

编译后会在GOROOT的pkg目录下安装标准共享库, 这里对应linux_386_dynlink这个目录:

Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/golib$ ll ~/go/pkg
total 28
drwxr-xr-x  7 Jermine Jermine 4096 12月  5 09:21 ./
drwxr-xr-x 11 Jermine Jermine 4096 5月  25  2017 ../
drwxr-xr-x  2 Jermine Jermine 4096 5月  25  2017 include/
drwxr-xr-x 30 Jermine Jermine 4096 5月  25  2017 linux_386/
drwxrwxr-x 29 Jermine Jermine 4096 12月  5 09:22 linux_386_dynlink/
drwxr-xr-x  3 Jermine Jermine 4096 5月  25  2017 obj/
drwxr-xr-x  3 Jermine Jermine 4096 5月  25  2017 tool/
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/golib$ ll ~/go/pkg/linux_386_dynlink/
total 31252
drwxrwxr-x 29 Jermine Jermine     4096 12月  5 09:22 ./
drwxr-xr-x  7 Jermine Jermine     4096 12月  5 09:21 ../
drwxrwxr-x  2 Jermine Jermine     4096 12月  5 09:22 archive/
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine   121966 12月  5 09:21 bufio.a
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine       10 12月  5 09:22 bufio.shlibname
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine   111466 12月  5 09:21 bytes.a
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine       10 12月  5 09:22 bytes.shlibname
drwxrwxr-x  2 Jermine Jermine     4096 12月  5 09:22 compress/
drwxrwxr-x  2 Jermine Jermine     4096 12月  5 09:22 container/
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine    94220 12月  5 09:21 context.a
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine       10 12月  5 09:22 context.shlibname
drwxrwxr-x  4 Jermine Jermine     4096 12月  5 09:22 crypto/
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine    20014 12月  5 09:21 crypto.a
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine       10 12月  5 09:22 crypto.shlibname
drwxrwxr-x  3 Jermine Jermine     4096 12月  5 09:22 database/
drwxrwxr-x  2 Jermine Jermine     4096 12月  5 09:22 debug/
drwxrwxr-x  2 Jermine Jermine     4096 12月  5 09:22 encoding/
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine     5494 12月  5 09:21 encoding.a
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine       10 12月  5 09:22 encoding.shlibname
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine     3846 12月  5 09:21 errors.a
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine       10 12月  5 09:22 errors.shlibname
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine    84486 12月  5 09:21 expvar.a
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine       10 12月  5 09:22 expvar.shlibname
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine   155402 12月  5 09:21 flag.a
-rw-rw-r--  1 Jermine Jermine       10 12月  5 09:22 flag.shlibname


//GOROOT如下:

Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/samba_share/golang$ echo $GOROOT
/home/Jermine/go

接下来,就可以编译自定义的共享库,并link到标准std库:

Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src$ go install -buildmode=shared -linkshared myAdd
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src$ ls
github.com  golang.org  myAdd  test
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src$ ls myAdd/
add.go //这里并没有产生仍何文档,产生在那里接着向下看

实际产生共享是在GOPATH/pkg目录下:

Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo$ ls
bin  pkg  src
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo$ ls pkg
linux_386  linux_386_dynlink
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo$ ls pkg/linux_386_dynlink/
libmyAdd.so  myAdd.a  myAdd.shlibname //这些库在编译时已经链接到标准std库,所以下面在应用程序中可以直接使用。

下面是应用程序的代码:


Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src$ vim myCall/main.go
  package main                                                                                                                  
   
  import (
      "fmt"
      "myAdd"  //这就是上面自定义package,如果这里不import,只要下面用了包里面的函数,gofmt也会自动把这个包加进来,是不是有点跟使用fmt等其他包一样的用法
  )
   
  func main() {
      fmt.Println("my Call application")
      fmt.Printf("Sum: %d\n", myAdd.Sum(2, 3))
  }
 Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src$ ./main 
my Call application
Sum: 5

Golang生成C可调用的动态库so

假设代码结构如下:

Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/mylib$ ls
exptest.go
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/mylib$ vim exptest.go

 package main
  
 import "C"  
 import "fmt"
  
 //export Summ
 func Summ(x, y int) int {
     return x + y
 }
  
 //export Hello
 func Hello(str string) {
     fmt.Printf("Hello: %s\n", str)
 }
  
 func main() {
 // We need the main function to make possible
 // CGO compiler to compile the package as C shared       library
}

官方说法:

Go functions can be executed from C applications. They should be exported by using the following comment line:
//export <your_function_name>

//export your_function_name目的是产生对应的头文件函数声明,以及cgo的与C之间一些转换规则,详细可以参考生成的头文件。 另外,import “C”这个也是不能少的,表示导入一个C库

下面就是编译共享库:

//The packaged should be compiled with buildmode flags c-shared or c-archive:

Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/mylib$ go build -buildmode=c-shared -o libexptest.so exptest.go 
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/mylib$ ls
exptest.go  libexptest.h  libexptest.so

下面写一个C程序调用这个so动态库:

Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/mylib$ vim exptest.c
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include "libexptest.h"  //上面产生的头文件
  
 int main() {
     printf("This is exptest application.\n");
     GoString str = {"Hi JXES", 7};
     Hello(str); //调用的函数
     printf("sum: %d\n", Summ(2, 3)); //调用的函数
     return 0;
 }

 Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/mylib$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=./
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/mylib$ echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH 
./
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/mylib$ ./exptest 
This is exptest application.
Hello: Hi JXES
sum: 5

这里需要说明下,在linux系统中应用程序关联到共享库时,都是从LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量指定的目录下找需要的.so,所以这里一定要指定在当前目录,如果不指定,可以把产生的so文件复制到/usr/lib下也可以。

Golang调用C生成的静态库.a

产生静态库只是编译的时候产生.a的静态库,库与测试程序代码如上,编译方法是:

Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/mylib$ go build -buildmode=c-archive -o libexptest.so exptest.go 
Jermine@Jermine-VirtualBox:~/mygo/src/mylib$ ls
exptest.go  libexptest.h  libexptest.a

// 应用程序编译的方法如下:
$ gcc -o exptest exptest.c libexptest.a 

go调用C/C++使用值传递和指针传递

在实际项目中用到的不仅仅是基本类型之间的转换,更多的是函数封装中的值传递和指针传递,如何在C功能函数中和Go中进行各种值和指针传递呢?根本方法还是利用基本类型,包括特别常用unsafe.Pointer


package main

/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

#define MAX_FACES_PER_DETECT 64

typedef  struct Point{
    float x;
    float y;
}Point;

typedef struct Rectangle{
    Point lt;
    Point rd;
}Rectangle;

typedef struct DetectFaceInfo{
    int id;
    float score;
    Rectangle pos;
}DetectFaceInfo;



void setStruct(void **ppDetectInfo)
{
    DetectFaceInfo *pDetectInfo = (DetectFaceInfo *)malloc(sizeof(DetectFaceInfo));
    memset(pDetectInfo, 0 , sizeof(pDetectInfo));
    pDetectInfo->id = 1;
    pDetectInfo->score = 0.98f;
    pDetectInfo->pos.lt.x = 1;
    pDetectInfo->pos.lt.y = 1;
    pDetectInfo->pos.rd.x = 9;
    pDetectInfo->pos.rd.y = 10;

    fprintf(stdout, "A pDetectInfo address : %p\n", pDetectInfo);
    *ppDetectInfo = pDetectInfo;
}

int printStruct(void *pdetectinfo)
{
    DetectFaceInfo * pDetectInfo = (DetectFaceInfo *)pdetectinfo;
    fprintf(stdout, "B pDetectInfo address : %p\n", pDetectInfo);

    fprintf(stdout, "id: %d\n", pDetectInfo->id);
    fprintf(stdout, "score : %.3lf\n", pDetectInfo->score);
    fprintf(stdout, "pos.lt.x : %d\n", pDetectInfo->pos.lt.x);
    fprintf(stdout, "pos.lt.y : %d\n", pDetectInfo->pos.lt.y);
    fprintf(stdout, "pos.rd.x : %d\n", pDetectInfo->pos.rd.x);
    fprintf(stdout, "pos.rd.y : %d\n", pDetectInfo->pos.rd.y);
}

int freeStruct(void *pDetectInfo)
{
    fprintf(stdout, "C pDetectInfo address : %p\n", pDetectInfo);
    free((DetectFaceInfo*)pDetectInfo);
}

*/
import "C"

import (
    _ "fmt"
    _ "reflect"
    "unsafe"
)

func main() {
    var pDetectInfo unsafe.Pointer

    C.setStruct(&pDetectInfo)
    C.printStruct(pDetectInfo)
    C.freeStruct(pDetectInfo)
}

从上面的例子可以知道还是利用了C和go的基本类型转换,更多的是利用指针。得到的运行结果是:

A pDetectInfo address : 012832B0
B pDetectInfo address : 012832B0
id: 1
score : 0.980
pos.lt.x : 1.000
pos.lt.y : 1.000
pos.rd.x : 9.000
pos.rd.y : 10.000
C pDetectInfo address : 012832B0

 这是通过C的结构体将数据传送给go,同样的也可以利用在go中处理数据,然后传递给C,也是利用基本类型转换。这里做个记录:

  • C中的结构体如果带了typedef的话,那么在go中定义C结构体就不需要带struct了。反则反之。
  • Go中定义C结构体: var struct C.DetectFaceInfo
  • 再次注意,如果在结构体中有字符数组或者是char指针,注意区别

C/C++调用go实现struct值传递


package main
/*
struct Vertex {
    int X;
    int Y;
};
*/
import "C"
import "fmt"

//export getVertex
func getVertex(X, Y C.int) C.struct_Vertex {
    return C.struct_Vertex{X, Y}
}

func main() {
    fmt.Println(getVertex(1, 2))
}


execute go build -buildmode=c-shared -o go-test1.so go-test1.go 将得到.h文件和.so文件如下:

~/Desktop/test ⌚ 14:40:44
$ go build -buildmode=c-shared -o go-test1.so go-test1.go

~/Desktop/test ⌚ 14:41:05
$ ls
go-test1.go  go-test1.h  go-test1.so

~/Desktop/test ⌚ 14:41:06
$ cat go-test1.h 
/* Code generated by cmd/cgo; DO NOT EDIT. */

/* package command-line-arguments */


#line 1 "cgo-builtin-prolog"

#include <stddef.h> /* for ptrdiff_t below */

#ifndef GO_CGO_EXPORT_PROLOGUE_H
#define GO_CGO_EXPORT_PROLOGUE_H

typedef struct { const char *p; ptrdiff_t n; } _GoString_;

#endif

/* Start of preamble from import "C" comments.  */


#line 2 "go-test1.go"

struct Vertex {
    int X;
    int Y;
};

#line 1 "cgo-generated-wrapper"


/* End of preamble from import "C" comments.  */


/* Start of boilerplate cgo prologue.  */
#line 1 "cgo-gcc-export-header-prolog"

#ifndef GO_CGO_PROLOGUE_H
#define GO_CGO_PROLOGUE_H

typedef signed char GoInt8;
typedef unsigned char GoUint8;
typedef short GoInt16;
typedef unsigned short GoUint16;
typedef int GoInt32;
typedef unsigned int GoUint32;
typedef long long GoInt64;
typedef unsigned long long GoUint64;
typedef GoInt64 GoInt;
typedef GoUint64 GoUint;
typedef __SIZE_TYPE__ GoUintptr;
typedef float GoFloat32;
typedef double GoFloat64;
typedef float _Complex GoComplex64;
typedef double _Complex GoComplex128;

/*
  static assertion to make sure the file is being used on architecture
  at least with matching size of GoInt.
*/
typedef char _check_for_64_bit_pointer_matching_GoInt[sizeof(void*)==64/8 ? 1:-1];

typedef _GoString_ GoString;
typedef void *GoMap;
typedef void *GoChan;
typedef struct { void *t; void *v; } GoInterface;
typedef struct { void *data; GoInt len; GoInt cap; } GoSlice;

#endif

/* End of boilerplate cgo prologue.  */

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif


extern struct Vertex getVertex(int p0, int p1);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

~/Desktop/test ⌚ 14:41:22
$ file go-test1.so 
go-test1.so: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, BuildID[sha1]=59440090a28e0869a12951bb9fc4b311e038ee8f, not stripped